MANILA — The arrest of Norman Mangusin, more widely known by his online alias Francis Leo Marcos, has drawn public attention to the charge of unjust vexation, a relatively lesser-known offense under Philippine law. 

The Parañaque Regional Trial Court Branch 294 issued a warrant against Mangusin in February 2026, citing multiple counts of unjust vexation in relation to the Cybercrime Prevention Act. Bail was set at ₱120,000 for his temporary release.

Unjust vexation is defined under Article 287 of the Revised Penal Code as any act that annoys, irritates, or disturbs another person without justification. While seemingly broad, the law covers a wide range of behaviors that cause distress or inconvenience, even if they do not amount to physical harm. 

Legal experts explain that unjust vexation is often applied to cases involving harassment, offensive remarks, or disruptive actions that violate another person’s rights or peace of mind. When committed online, such acts may fall under the Cybercrime Prevention Act, which expands liability to digital platforms.

Francis Leo Marcos, whose real name is Norman Mangusin, has been known to lash out against several personalities aside from Makagago. Based on reports and public records, Mangusin has directed harsh words toward government officials, law enforcement agencies, and even fellow influencers.

He previously mocked the Philippine National Police (PNP) by appearing online in a ceremonial police uniform, which prompted the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) to file complaints against him for “making a mockery” of the uniform. NAPOLCOM Commissioner Ralph Calinisan stressed, “The police uniform is not, and will never be, used as a costume. It will never be disrespected. Mangusin chose to ignore that warning. He chose to make a mockery of the police uniform.”

Mangusin also drew criticism from the Land Transportation Office (LTO) after videos surfaced of him committing traffic violations, leading to the suspension of his driver’s license. His confrontational style extended to online feuds, where he hurled insults not only at Makagago but also at Makagago’s wife and mother-in-law, using derogatory language that became part of the unjust vexation charges filed against him.

Beyond these disputes, Mangusin has taken aim at other public figures and institutions, often accusing them of conspiring against him or attempting to tarnish his reputation. His rhetoric has been described as inflammatory, with critics pointing out that his statements frequently cross the line into harassment.

These repeated clashes with authorities and personalities have compounded his legal troubles, with cases ranging from unjust vexation to contempt of court. His confrontations highlight the risks faced by online influencers who use their platforms to attack others, underscoring how digital disputes can escalate into serious legal consequences.